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Chapter 88: Packet Capture and Network Analysis

Section titled “Chapter 88: Packet Capture and Network Analysis”

Comprehensive Guide to tcpdump, Wireshark, and Network Analysis

Section titled “Comprehensive Guide to tcpdump, Wireshark, and Network Analysis”

88.1 Understanding Packet Capture

Section titled “88.1 Understanding Packet Capture”

How Packet Capture Works

Section titled “How Packet Capture Works”

Packet capture involves intercepting network packets as they travel across a network interface. This is essential for troubleshooting network issues, security analysis, and protocol debugging.

                 Packet Capture Architecture
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   |
|                    Packet Capture Flow                                |
|                                                                   |
|    +-------------------------------------------------------------+|
|    |                    Network Interface                           ||
|    |  +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
|    |  |                    Network Card (NIC)                      | |
|    |  |  - Driver receives packets                               | |
|    |  |  - Copies to kernel buffer                               | |
|    |  +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
|    |                           |                                    |
|    |                           v                                    |
|    |  +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
|    |  |                    Kernel (BPF)                           | |
|    |  |  - Berkeley Packet Filter                                | |
|    |  |  - Applies capture filter                               | |
|    |  |  - Copies matching packets to userspace                 | |
|    |  +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
|    |                           |                                    |
|    |                           v                                    |
|    |  +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
|    |  |              Capture Tool (tcpdump/Wireshark)              | |
|    |  |  - Receives filtered packets                            | |
|    |  |  - Writes to file or displays                          | |
|    |  +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
|    +------------------------------------------------------------+|
|                                                                   |
|    Capture Modes:                                                    |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | Promiscuous | NIC accepts all packets (default)            |   |
|    | Non-promiscuous | Only packets addressed to NIC            |   |
|    | Monitor mode | All packets (wireless)                    |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

PCAP Format

Section titled “PCAP Format”
                 PCAP File Format
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   |
|    PCAP Global Header (24 bytes):                                  |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | Magic Number (4 bytes) - 0xa1b2c3d4 or 0xd4c3b2a1        |   |
|    | Version Major (2 bytes)                                    |   |
|    | Version Minor (2 bytes)                                   |   |
|    | Thiszone (4 bytes) - Timezone offset                      |   |
|    | Sigfigs (4 bytes) - Timestamp accuracy                    |   |
|    | Snaplen (4 bytes) - Max packet length                    |   |
|    | Link Type (4 bytes) - Data link type (Ethernet=1)        |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Packet Header (16 bytes):                                       |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | Timestamp Seconds (4 bytes)                               |   |
|    | Timestamp Microseconds (4 bytes)                         |   |
|    | Captured Length (4 bytes)                                |   |
|    | Original Length (4 bytes)                                |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Packet Data:                                                    |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | Raw packet bytes                                          |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    File Extensions: .pcap, .pcapng (PCAP Next Generation)         |
|                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

88.2 tcpdump Deep Dive

Section titled “88.2 tcpdump Deep Dive”

Basic Usage

Section titled “Basic Usage”
Terminal window
# Capture on specific interface
sudo tcpdump -i eth0
sudo tcpdump -i any


# Capture with hostname resolution (use -n to disable)
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -n


# Capture specific number of packets
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -c 100


# Capture to file
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w capture.pcap


# Read from file
tcpdump -r capture.pcap
tcpdump -r capture.pcap | head -20


# Verbose output
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -v
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -vv
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -vvv


# Show packet contents
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -X          # Hex and ASCII
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -XX        # With link header

BPF Filters

Section titled “BPF Filters”
                 BPF Filter Syntax
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   |
|    Primitives (Basic):                                            |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | host x.x.x.x        | Specific host                     |   |
|    | src host x.x.x.x   | Source host                       |   |
|    | dst host x.x.x.x   | Destination host                  |   |
|    | net x.x.x.x/nn     | Network                          |   |
|    | src net x.x.x.x/nn | Source network                   |   |
|    | dst net x.x.x.x/nn | Destination network               |   |
|    | port xx            | Port                              |   |
|    | src port xx        | Source port                       |   |
|    | dst port xx        | Destination port                  |   |
|    | gateway hostname   | Gateway                           |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Protocols:                                                      |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | tcp, udp, icmp, ip, ip6, arp, rarp, decnet              |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Direction:                                                      |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | src, dst                                                 |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Logical Operators:                                              |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | and (&&), or (||), not (!)                             |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Examples:                                                       |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | tcpdump host 10.0.0.1                                    |   |
|    | tcpdump port 80                                          |   |
|    | tcpdump src 10.0.0.1 and dst port 80                    |   |
|    | tcpdump net 10.0.0.0/8                                   |   |
|    | tcpdump tcp and port 443                                 |   |
|    | tcpdump not port 22                                      |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

Advanced Filtering

Section titled “Advanced Filtering”
Terminal window
# TCP flags
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn != 0'         # SYN packets
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-ack != 0'         # ACK packets
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn != 0 and tcp-ack == 0'  # SYN only
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-rst != 0'         # RST packets
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-fin != 0'         # FIN packets
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-push != 0'        # PSH packets


# Port ranges
tcpdump portrange 80-443


# ICMP types
tcpdump icmp[icmptype] == 8        # Echo request (ping)
tcpdump icmp[icmptype] == 0        # Echo reply
tcpdump icmp[icmptype] == 3       # Destination unreachable


# TCP connection establishment
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-ack) == (tcp-syn|tcp-ack)'


# HTTP requests
tcpdump -A 'tcp[((tcp[12:1] & 0xf0) >> 2):4] = 0x47455420'


# Payload size
tcpdump 'tcp[2:2] > 1000'         # Packets larger than 1000 bytes


# Combine filters
tcpdump -i eth0 'host 10.0.0.1 and (port 80 or port 443)'
tcpdump -i eth0 'not arp and not icmp'

Output Formatting

Section titled “Output Formatting”
Terminal window
# Timestamp formats
tcpdump -t              # No timestamp
tcpdump -tt             # Unix timestamp
tcpdump -ttt            # Time since previous
tcpdump -tttt           # Human readable with date


# Line numbers
tcpdump -n -l | nl


# Quick output (no DNS, less detail)
tcpdump -q


# Absolute sequence numbers
tcpdump -S


# Print packet length
tcpdump -e


# Complete packet dump
tcpdump -v -X

88.3 Wireshark

Section titled “88.3 Wireshark”

Installation

Section titled “Installation”
Terminal window
# Debian/Ubuntu
sudo apt install wireshark tshark


# RHEL/CentOS
sudo dnf install wireshark


# Arch Linux
sudo pacman -S wireshark-qt


# macOS
brew install --cask wireshark

Display Filters

Section titled “Display Filters”
                 Common Display Filters
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   |
|    Protocol Filters:                                               |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | tcp, udp, icmp, http, dns, ssh, ftp, smtp                |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Address Filters:                                                |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | ip.addr == 10.0.0.1                                      |   |
|    | ip.src == 10.0.0.1                                       |   |
|    | ip.dst == 10.0.0.1                                      |   |
|    | tcp.port == 80                                           |   |
|    | udp.port == 53                                           |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    HTTP Filters:                                                   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | http.request.method == "GET"                             |   |
|    | http.response.code == 200                               |   |
|    | http.host == "example.com"                               |   |
|    | http.request.uri contains "/api/"                        |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    TCP Filters:                                                    |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | tcp.flags.syn == 1                                        |   |
|    | tcp.flags.ack == 1                                        |   |
|    | tcp.flags.reset == 1                                     |   |
|    | tcp.analysis.retransmission                              |   |
|    | tcp.analysis.lost_segment                                |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    DNS Filters:                                                    |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | dns.qry.type == 1 (A record)                             |   |
|    | dns.qry.type == 28 (AAAA record)                         |   |
|    | dns.resp.addr == 8.8.8.8                                 |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
|    Combined Filters:                                               |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|    | ip.addr == 10.0.0.1 and tcp.port == 80                   |   |
|    | http.request.method == "POST" and ip.src == 10.0.0.5    |   |
|    | !(arp or icmp)                                           |   |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+   |
|                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

tshark (CLI Wireshark)

Section titled “tshark (CLI Wireshark)”
Terminal window
# Capture packets
sudo tshark -i eth0 -c 100
sudo tshark -i eth0 -w capture.pcap


# Read and filter
tshark -r capture.pcap
tshark -r capture.pcap -Y "http.request"
tshark -r capture.pcap -Y "ip.addr == 10.0.0.1"


# Extract fields
tshark -r capture.pcap -T fields -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e tcp.port


# Statistics
tshark -r capture.pcap -z io,phs
tshark -r capture.pcap -z conv,tcp
tshark -r capture.pcap -z http,stat
tshark -r capture.pcap -z endpoints,ip


# Live capture with filters
sudo tshark -i eth0 -f "tcp port 80"
sudo tshark -i eth0 -f "host 10.0.0.1"

Common Wireshark Tricks

Section titled “Common Wireshark Tricks”
Terminal window
# Follow TCP stream
# In GUI: Right click → Follow → TCP Stream


# Export objects
# File → Export Objects → HTTP


# Expert information
# Analyze → Expert Information


# Decode as
# Right click → Decode As


# Time sequences
# Statistics → TCP Stream Graph → Time Sequence


# IO graphs
# Statistics → I/O Graph

88.4 Packet Analysis Examples

Section titled “88.4 Packet Analysis Examples”

HTTP Traffic Analysis

Section titled “HTTP Traffic Analysis”
Terminal window
# Capture HTTP traffic
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w http.pcap 'tcp port 80'


# Analyze HTTP requests
tcpdump -r http.pcap -n -A | grep "GET "


# Extract HTTP objects
# tshark -r http.pcap --export-objects "http,./export"


# HTTP statistics
tshark -r http.pcap -z http,stat

DNS Traffic Analysis

Section titled “DNS Traffic Analysis”
Terminal window
# Capture DNS
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w dns.pcap 'udp port 53'


# Show DNS queries
tcpdump -i eth0 -n 'udp port 53'


# DNS response codes
tcpdump -i eth0 -n -v 'udp port 53' | grep "DNS"


# Specific domain queries
tcpdump -i eth0 -n -v 'udp port 53' | grep "example.com"

TCP Connection Analysis

Section titled “TCP Connection Analysis”
Terminal window
# Capture TCP
sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w tcp.pcap 'tcp'


# Show SYN packets (connection setup)
tcpdump -r tcp.pcap -n 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn != 0 and tcp-ack == 0'


# Show RST packets (connection reset)
tcpdump -r tcp.pcap -n 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-rst != 0'


# TCP handshake
tcpdump -r tcp.pcap -n -c 3 'host 10.0.0.1 and port 80'


# Retransmissions
tcpdump -r tcp.pcap -n 'tcp.analysis.retransmission'

Security Analysis

Section titled “Security Analysis”
Terminal window
# Find potential attacks
# SYN flood (many SYNs)
tcpdump -i eth0 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn != 0 and tcp-ack == 0'


# Port scanning
tcpdump -i eth0 'tcp[13] = 2'


# Cleartext passwords
tcpdump -i eth0 port http or port ftp or port smtp -A


# Find ARP spoofing
tcpdump -i eth0 arp | grep -v reply


# Large ICMP (potential ping flood)
tcpdump -i eth0 'icmp and icmp[0] == 8 and icmp[8:4] > 1000'

88.5 Performance Analysis

Section titled “88.5 Performance Analysis”

Network Throughput

Section titled “Network Throughput”
Terminal window
# Calculate bandwidth from pcap
tcpdump -r capture.pcap -nn -c 1000 | awk '{print $10}' | cut -d. -f1 | bc


# Using tshark
tshark -r capture.pcap -q -z io,phs


# IO graph data
tshark -r capture.pcap -q -z "io,phs,ip"


# Packet size distribution
tshark -r capture.pcap -z "packetlen,sum,ip"

Latency Analysis

Section titled “Latency Analysis”
Terminal window
# Calculate RTT from SYN to SYN-ACK
tcpdump -r capture.pcap -nn -c 1000 'tcp[13] & 2 != 0' -tt | awk '{print $1}'


# Using tshark for timing
tshark -r capture.pcap -T fields -e frame.time_delta -e ip.src -e ip.dst


# TCP timing analysis
tshark -r capture.pcap -z "tcp,tree,ack"

88.6 Interview Questions

Section titled “88.6 Interview Questions”

Basic Questions

Section titled “Basic Questions”

  1. What is packet capture?

    • Intercepting network packets as they pass through a network interface

  2. What is the difference between tcpdump and Wireshark?

    • tcpdump is CLI-based; Wireshark has GUI (also tshark CLI)

  3. What is a BPF filter?

    • Berkeley Packet Filter - efficient kernel-level packet filtering

  4. What does promiscuous mode mean?

    • NIC accepts all packets, not just those addressed to it

  5. What is a PCAP file?

    • Packet capture file format for storing network traffic

Intermediate Questions

Section titled “Intermediate Questions”

  1. How do you capture only SYN packets?

    • tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & tcp-syn != 0'

  2. What is the difference between capture and display filters?

    • Capture: BPF at kernel level; Display: Wireshark GUI filtering

  3. How do you analyze HTTP traffic?

    • tcpdump -i eth0 'tcp port 80'

  4. What is the TCP three-way handshake?

    • SYN → SYN-ACK → ACK

  5. How do you find retransmissions in tcpdump?

    • Use tcp.analysis.retransmission display filter in Wireshark

Advanced Questions

Section titled “Advanced Questions”

  1. Explain how packet capture works at the OS level

    • NIC driver → kernel buffer → BPF filter → userspace

  2. What is the difference between port mirroring and tap?

    • Port mirroring: switch copies traffic; TAP: hardware device copies

  3. How do you capture encrypted traffic?

    • Can’t decrypt, but can see metadata (timing, size, destinations)

  4. What are some indicators of compromise in packet capture?

    • Unusual ports, beaconing, large transfers to unknown IPs

  5. How do you handle high-bandwidth captures?

    • Ring buffers, sampling, filtering at capture point

Summary

Section titled “Summary”
                 Quick Reference
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   |
|    tcpdump:                                                       |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|    | sudo tcpdump -i eth0                   | Capture          |  |
|    | sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w file.pcap    | Save to file    |  |
|    | tcpdump -r file.pcap                 | Read file        |  |
|    | tcpdump -n host x.x.x.x             | Filter by host  |  |
|    | tcpdump port 80                     | Filter by port  |  |
|    | tcpdump -c 100                      | Capture count   |  |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|                                                                   |
|    tshark:                                                       |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|    | tshark -i eth0 -c 100              | Capture          |  |
|    | tshark -r file.pcap                | Read file        |  |
|    | tshark -Y "filter"                | Display filter   |  |
|    | tshark -z io,phs                  | Protocol stats   |  |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|                                                                   |
|    BPF Primitives:                                                |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|    | host, src, dst, net, port, tcp, udp, icmp              |  |
|    | and (&&), or (||), not (!)                             |  |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|                                                                   |
|    Capture Flags:                                                 |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|    | tcp-syn, tcp-ack, tcp-fin, tcp-rst, tcp-psh            |  |
|    +----------------------------------------------------------+  |
|                                                                   |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+